Arraid Journal of Science and Technology ( AJST)

Stomach Content Analysis of Suez pufferfish (Lagocephalus suezensis) in Derna coast, Libya (Mediterranean Sea) and Hurghada coast, Egypt ( Red Sea)

2026-06-30T09:19:36+00:00

This study provides a comparative analysis of the stomach contents of the Lessepsian migrant pufferfish, Lagocephalus suezensis (family Tetraodontidae), across two distinct populations: the native population along the Hurghada coast (Red Sea, Egypt) and the migrant population along the Derna coast (Eastern Libyan Mediterranean Sea). A total of 283 specimens were collected monthly between January and December 2022 using trawl nets at depths ranging from 15 to 50 meters. The investigation focused on annual and monthly diet compositions, ontogenetic shifts in feeding habits related to fish length, and overall feeding intensity. The results indicate that L. suezensis is a generalist carnivore with a preference for benthic invertebrates, though diet composition varied significantly between the two locations. Along the Derna coast (n=133), crustaceans were the predominant prey group (55.7%), followed by bony fish (22.3%), marine worms (14.4%), mollusks (4.4%), and foraminifera (3.2%). Conversely, the Hurghada population (n=150) primarily consumed mollusks (41.3%), supplemented by crustaceans (26.4%), bony fish (17.9%), echinoderms (11.3%), and incidental sediments (3.1%). While mollusks, crustaceans, and bony fish were present in the diet throughout the year and across all size classes at both stations, clear ontogenetic shifts were observed. The consumption of mollusks, marine worms, foraminifera, and echinoderms decreased as fish size increased, whereas the preference for larger prey, such as crustaceans and bony fish, showed a positive correlation with fish length. Feeding intensity also exhibited seasonal fluctuations: in Derna, peak activities were recorded during spring (82.3%) and autumn (68.9%), while the Hurghada population reached its maximal feeding rate in autumn (82.4%). These findings highlight the adaptability of L. suezensis to different environments and its potential impact on local benthic communities.

Design and Implementation of an Automated Embedded Control System for Alzheimer's Patients' Medication Reminders

2026-06-30T09:29:11+00:00

Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes severe memory loss and cognitive difficulties in elderly people, affecting their daily activities and time awareness. One of the main challenges for families and caregivers is ensuring that patients take their prescribed medications on time. When patients forget their pills or take a double dose, it leads to serious health problems and increases the stress on their caregivers. In this work, a low-cost and reliable embedded control system is designed and implemented to solve this problem. The hardware system uses an ATmega328P microcontroller connected to a high-precision DS3231 Real-Time Clock (RTC) module. This synchronization ensures accurate time tracking even during main power cuts or electrical fluctuations. To notify the caregiver immediately, a SIM800L Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular module is connected to the system. The device uses local alarms, including a buzzer for sound alerts and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights for visual indicators, to remind the patient. Patient compliance is tracked using a magnetic reed sensor on the medication box compartment. When the patient opens the box, the sensor registers the action. Experimental testing of the physical prototype showed excellent stability, with accurate timing results and a cellular message transmission time of less than 4.5 seconds using local networks. The developed system offers a simple and robust assistive technology solution suitable for healthcare environments in Libya.

AUTOMATIC DAM GATE BASED ON PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROL (PLC)

2026-06-30T09:38:06+00:00

This paper presents the design and implementation of an automated dam gate control system using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The main objective of this system is to enhance the efficiency and safety of dam operation by automating the regulation of water flow through the dam gates. This system integrates a variety of sensors, including water level sensors and flow sensors, to monitor conditions in real-time and make informed decisions. The PLC acts as a central processing unit, executing predefined algorithms to control the opening and closing of the dam gates based on collected data. This automated system not only reduces human intervention but also reduces the risk of operational errors and improves response time through rapid execution during floods. This abstract highlights the experimental results of the system. The system has proven effective in reducing flood and flash flood risks, in addition to contributing to improved water resource management.

The Effectiveness of Using Fourier Series to Solve the Simulation of Gearbox and Rotor Dynamics using MATLAB and Simulink Software

2026-06-30T09:48:58+00:00

This research explores the application of Fourier series as a mathematical tool to simulate the intricate dynamics of mechanical systems, specifically gearboxes and rotors. By leveraging MATLAB and Simulink, the study decomposes periodic mechanical forces into their harmonic components to analyze vibrational behavior. The methodology integrates signal generation, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based frequency analysis, and noise simulation to validate real-world operational conditions. The findings demonstrate the precision of Fourier series in modeling gear mesh and rotor imbalance frequencies, offering engineers an advanced framework for vibration analysis, predictive maintenance, and mechanical system optimization.

Employee Acceptance of E-Government in Developing Nations

2026-06-30T10:00:41+00:00

Internal service providers usually create e-government, frequently ignoring the service end user. Without giving the service user's wants and expectations enough thought during the design process, subsequent service delivery may be in danger. However, it might be challenging for the service provider to fulfil the expectations and wants of potential users and include them in an iterative design process when creating e-services for a diverse user base.

By concentrating on the deployment of an e-government system, this study tackles the challenge of identifying the elements that motivate workers to embrace ICT technologies used in developing nations. Relevant data were used in the development of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) and its modified version (UTAUT2).

Investigate the effect of various cutting parameters on the surface roughness of aluminum alloy 5052 by using Taguchi method

2026-06-30T10:10:55+00:00

The characteristic surface finish of the machining is the mostly important characteristics of products quality and its indispensable customers’ requirement. Taguchi robust parameters designs for optimizing for surface finish in turning of 5052 AL-Alloy using carbide cutting thas been utilized in this paper. Using the Taguchi method for AA5052 aluminum alloy machining reveals that feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut significantly impact surface roughness, with feed rate often being the dominant factor, followed by speed, then depth. The results showed that lower feed rates (e.g., 0.1 mm/rev) and higher cutting speeds (e.g., 900 rpm) generally yield the best (lowest) surface roughness (Ra), while optimal depth of cut varies but often favors lower values. ANOVA and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio analyses confirm parameter significance, allowing prediction of optimal settings for improved quality.

Finally, the relationship between the cutting parameters and the response variables was established using regression analysis implemented in MINITAB 16 software. The predicted values obtained from the developed regression models were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The comparison revealed a close agreement between the predicted and experimental values, indicating that the developed models are accurate and adequately represent the machining process.

Study the comprising between TIG and MIG process and their effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the welding joints for low carbon steel

2026-07-27T15:49:56+00:00

TIG welding produces superior quality, cleaner and stronger joints in thin low-carbon steel due to precise heat control, while MIG welding offers higher productivity and deeper penetration, making it ideal for thicker sections. TIG typically results in finer microstructures (acicular ferrite) compared to the coarser grains often found in MIG. A review of the literature indicates that both welding techniques—whether used individually or in combination—achieve full weld penetration, and that the heat-affected zone in TIG-MIG welding is wider than in standalone TIG or MIG welding. TIG-MIG joints typically exhibit ductile fracture behavior compared to joints produced by standalone MIG or TIG welding. Nevertheless, they demonstrate favorable properties, such as tensile strength, when compared to the individual TIG and MIG processes. Furthermore, a comparison between TIG-MIG techniques and conventional MIG welding reveals a more refined joint appearance, as evidenced by the various microstructures of the joints.

The Effect of Thyriod medications on blood calcium levels, Vitamin D, and Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

2026-07-27T16:06:15+00:00

Our study evaluate and compare serum calcium, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone (TSH, free T3, free T4) levels among patients with hypothyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism, and healthy controls, and to examine whether the type or dosage of thyroid medication correlates with serum calcium concentration. A comparative design was employed, involving 69 participants divided into healthy controls, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid groups. Serum levels of calcium, Vitamin D, and thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4) were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in mean serum calcium levels among the groups (P = 0.80), nor did specific thyroid medications or their dosages significantly impact serum calcium concentrations (P = 0.47). However, a significant reduction in serum Vitamin D levels was observed in patients with thyroid disorders, particularly in the hypothyroid group (P < 0.05). Thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4) showed expected significant differences across groups, confirming the physiological impact of the disorders and treatment effectiveness. We can conclude that while thyroid medications effectively modulate thyroid hormone levels, their direct effect on serum calcium appears minimal due to robust physiological compensatory mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring Vitamin D status in thyroid patients due to prevalent deficiency, and considering potential drug interactions, especially between calcium supplements and levothyroxine absorption.

Comparative Review of STP, RSTP, and PVST Protocols: Loop Prevention in Layer 2 Networks

2026-07-27T21:54:06+00:00

Ethernet switching technologies remain the underlying foundation of local area networks (LAN) since they provide scalable and efficient communication as well as cost-effectiveness between network devices in the modern world today. However, redundant Layer 2 paths introduce the risk of switching loops which may contribute to broadcast storms, duplicate fame transmission and media access control (MAC) network instability. In order to address such challenges, a wide range of loop prevention protocols have been developed while preserving network redundancy. Among these protocols are, the Spanning Tree Protocol STP, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RSTP and Per-VLAN Spanning Tree PVST.

Therefore, this study adopts a comparative analytical review methodology to evaluate these protocols based on operational principles, convergence speed mechanisms, scalability, redundancy management, VLAN support, load balancing capability, performance characteristics, security considerations and enterprise suitability. The study further examines some rising technologies such as multiple spanning tree protocol MSTP, Transparent Interconnection of lots of Links TRILL and EVPN-VXLAN.

The findings reveal that although STP provides a reliable foundation for loop prevention, its slow convergence makes it unsuitable for modern latency sensitive networks. RSTP significantly improves network recovery times via rapid convergence mechanisms, whereas PVST and Rapid PVST + provide enhanced traffic engineering and load balancing through VLAN spanning tree instances. The study concludes that modern enterprise and data center environments increasingly adopt multi-path layer 2 technologies that address the currently inherent limitations associated with the traditional spanning tree based approaches.

High Prevalence of Metformin-Associated Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study

2026-07-27T22:08:50+00:00

Metformin is a drug regularly used to treat type 2 diabetic patients by controlling blood glucose concentration. It is heavily linked to vitamin B12 deficiency. While this association has been thoroughly studied in Western demographics, Libyan data are lacking. Genetic, dietary, and environmental factors may result in different results than those found in other cohorts.

التصميم والتحليل الإنشائي لقاعدة خلاط صناعي لتحسين كفاءة خلط المواد المضافة في تكرير الزيوت النباتية

2026-06-30T15:35:54+00:00

Vegetable oils play a central role in the food industry and undergo several refining stages designed to remove impurities and improve their physicochemical properties. Among these stages, the addition of color-adjusting or nutrient-enhancing materials—such as beta-carotene or specific vitamins—requires a high degree of mixing uniformity to ensure consistent product quality. This study examines the design and structural analysis of an industrial mixer base developed specifically for this stage of processing. The work combines three components: three-dimensional modeling, finite element analysis, and practical fabrication using modern industrial manufacturing techniques.

The simulation results indicate that the proposed design provides strong mechanical stability, with stress levels remaining well below the material’s yield limit. Only minimal deformation was observed, suggesting that the mixer shaft maintains its alignment under operating conditions. Taken together, these findings show that refining the mechanical design of the mixer base can meaningfully enhance mixing performance and support more reliable addition of functional materials in vegetable oil refining plants.

تحليل مقارن للأداء الديناميكي لخوارزميتي التحكم الضبابي والاضطراب والملاحظة في أنظمة الطاقة الكهروضوئية

2026-06-30T15:59:43+00:00

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms attempt to maximize the output of photovoltaic cells․ The effectiveness of an MPPT mechanism is important when the operating point changes considerably due to solar irradiance changes․ Although the P&O algorithm is the most common MPPT algorithm‚ it has slow response and oscillations․ In this paper‚ a detailed comparison between the P&O and FLC algorithms is made in a single MATLAB/Simulink environment․ The performance was quantified in terms of efficiency‚ settling time‚ oscillation‚ and transient power loss at the different radiation levels of 200-1000 W/m²․ The FLC algorithm had an efficiency of 98% (much higher than the P&O algorithm) and had over 60% lower settling time and over 60% lower oscillation․ The transient power loss was also considerably less than that of the P&O algorithm․ This shows the potential for a more stable and efficient dynamic response when applying fuzzy control methods for the control of photovoltaic (PV) systems.

واقع العرض السياحي لتنمية السياحة الداخلية – دراسة ميدانية على مدينة غدامس

2026-07-29T08:33:16+00:00

This study aims to assess the tourism supply available in Ghadames, Libya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its suitability for domestic tourism development. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, involving a sample of 276 participants including officials, tourism sector workers, domestic tourists, and experts. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, achieving high reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.937).The findings revealed significant weaknesses across all tourism supply components. Basic infrastructure scored (2.15), superstructure (2.09), service quality (2.13), and human resource competency (2.14), while marketing and promotion recorded the lowest average (1.75). The study confirmed a strong correlation between infrastructure quality and domestic tourism development (r=0.745), and between service quality and tourist satisfaction (r=0.798), with statistically significant differences in assessment attributed to demographic characteristics.The study recommended comprehensive infrastructure development, improving service quality, human resource training, adopting effective marketing strategies, engaging local communities, enhancing institutional coordination, and attracting international support to achieve sustainable tourism development while preserving the city's heritage value.Despite Ghadames' exceptional heritage potential, the current tourism supply fails to meet development requirements. The study emphasizes prioritizing infrastructure improvement and service quality enhancement as key drivers for domestic tourism growth, alongside establishing integrated governance mechanisms and community participation to ensure sustainability and economic benefit distribution.

التراث الاجتماعي الليبي وأثره في الفن التشكيلي أعمال الفنان محمد عبية نموذجاً

2026-07-29T08:43:42+00:00

This study explores the expressions of Libyan social heritage in the works of the visual artist Mohamed Al-Aref Abayeh, focusing on how tangible and intangible traditional elements—such as clothing, architecture, and popular professions—are transformed into artistic symbols that reinforce cultural identity, as the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and applies Feldman’s model of art criticism to a sample of six selected artworks produced by the artist between 1978 and 2009, where the findings reveal the artist’s ability to integrate realistic details with expressive and abstract symbols, such as the use of warm colors and the stylization of palm trees, which together generate a vibrant visual dimension blending authenticity with modernity, as his artistic practice is characterized by combining realism in depicting everyday life with expressionism and abstraction, thereby visually reflecting the spirit of Libyan society, where symbols such as the horseman—representing courage—and the sweets vendor—symbolizing social simplicity—emerge as central visual codes, highlighting the role of art as a cultural bridge connecting past and present and documenting collective memory, hence the study concludes by recommending the importance of preserving this artistic heritage through specialized museums and encouraging Libyan artists to draw inspiration from local traditions in their contemporary creative practices.

الارغنوميا كمقياس لتقييم مدى فعالية وملائمة الفضاءات المعمارية في المساجد دراسة حالة (مسجد النور)

2026-07-29T09:44:28+00:00

The research problem arose due to design flaws and poor coordination in the distribution of architectural spaces in the case under study This leads to a lack of compatibility with the ergonomics of the human body and the diverse needs of worshippers, including the elderly people with disabilities and children, negatively impacting comfort and safety The study adopted an inductive-analytical approach to develop the theoretical framework for the science of Ergonomics and the descriptive field approach were used to assess the existing situation along with a comparative analytical approach using measurement tools such as observation checklists, anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire that included 20 cases The study was applied field-based at Al-Nour Mosque in the Souq Al-Jum'a area of Tripoli The statistical and analytical results showed a severe ergonomic deficiency with the mobility equipment and ramps axis recording a 100% non-compliance rate which means the isolation of special needs groups Just as it was found that there was randomness and imbalance in the dimensions of the stairs and ablution areas with dissatisfaction rates of 80% and 70% which doubles the physical effort and increases the risks of falling and tripping, in addition to observing an imbalance in the distribution of lighting and ventilation openings, especially in the basement at a rate of 80% we conclude from the study that relying on implementation without engineering supervision creates a kinetically repellent environment that lacks comfort and spirituality The study recommends the rehabilitation of the spaces and the application of ergonomic principles and comprehensive design to ensure independence and safety for all users.

تقييم مخاطر الملوثات الجوية وأنماط انتشارها في المناطق المجاورة لمحطات الطاقة والمنشآت النفطية في ليبيا

2026-07-29T13:48:51+00:00

يكشف تقدير انبعاثات الغازات والمخاطر البيئية لمحطات الطاقة الكهربائية والمنشآت النفطية، باستخدام المحاكاة الحاسوبية، أن محطات الطاقة والمنشآت النفطية، من أهم هذه المصادر وأكثرها خطورة، يمكن أن تؤثر على البيئة من خلال بنائها وعملياتها. يمكن أن تكون هذه المخاطر، أو التأثيرات، مؤقتة أو دائمة. تشغل محطات الطاقة ومجمعات النفط والغاز ومكوناتها المساعدة مساحةً على الأرض وفي الهواء، وفي كثير من الأحيان، تُصدر مواد وملوثات ضارة للبيئة، وتؤثر على التركيب الطبيعي للغلاف الجوي، وتضيف عناصر ملوثة أخرى. في هذه الورقة، نستعرض المخاطر البيئية التي يشكلها تلوث الهواء وغيره من التلوث الناتج عن محطات توليد الطاقة والنفط في المدن المزدحمة والمحطات القريبة منها. تجدر الإشارة إلى أن ليبيا من الدول المنتجة للنفط، وتعتمد بشكل كبير على المنتجات البترولية كوقود لإنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية. وقد تم الاعتماد على بيانات هذا البحث التي تم الحصول عليها من الجهات المعنية للوصول إلى نتائج موثوقة. باستخدام تقنيات جديدة في استخدام المحطات الذكية، في مجال إرسال واستقبال المعلومات والبيانات، ليتم استخدامها وتحليلها ومقارنتها بنتائج برامج المحاكاة، وإعادة بثها لتكون متاحة للعامة. يتضح من النتائج أن هناك حاجة إلى تحسين إجراءات العمل لتقليل الانبعاثات، ومراقبة تدهور المعدات اللازمة لتجنب أي آثار بيئية سلبية.

Enhancement of wear and abrasion resistance of cast iron material by surface treatment

2026-07-29T14:01:02+00:00

In In this research, the effect and effectiveness of industrial coatings Titanium Carbonitride (TiCN) and Tungsten Carbide,( WC-Co) on the tribological performance of cast iron was investigated through wear test under lubricated and dry conditions. Mechanical effect of the coating were analysed using imaging and visual methods, X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and measurements of micro hardness. The friction coefficient and wear volume (tribological effect) of coated samples were investigated using wear test performed under dry conditions and with boron oil. Abrasion mechanisms were identified using (SEM) taken from worn surfaces, as well as elemental analysis of the surfaces using (EDX), Furthermore, measurements f surface roughness and 3D topographic images were used to examine surface morphology. When studying the effect boron oil on wear resistance compared to dry environmental, the coefficient of friction and the wear volume reduced, analysis of surface morphology revealed decrease in roughness values in tests which using boron oil.Therefore, in the present study, the wear performance of graphite cast iron material will be improved by coating and using boron oil.

مسؤولية المنظمة تجاه أخلاقيات الأعمال وأثرها على رضا العملاء دراسة ميدانية على شركة ليبيانا للاتصالات

2026-07-29T14:10:04+00:00

تناولت الدراسة أثر مسؤولية المنظمة تجاه أخلاقيات الأعمال في تحقيق رضا العملاء، من خلال دراسة ميدانية على شركة ليبيانا للاتصالات والهاتف المحمول. واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتم جمع البيانات باستخدام استبانتين وُجهتا إلى عينة من موظفي الشركة وعملائها، بلغ عددها (352) موظفًا و(386) عميلًا. واستخدم برنامج (SPSS) لتحليل البيانات واختبار فرضيات الدراسة.

أوضحت النتائج ارتفاع مستوى التزام الشركة بأخلاقيات الأعمال من وجهة نظر كل من الموظفين والعملاء، مع وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المجموعتين لصالح الموظفين. كما بينت النتائج وجود علاقة ارتباط إيجابية قوية بين مسؤولية المنظمة تجاه أخلاقيات الأعمال ورضا العملاء، حيث بلغ معامل الارتباط (0.866)، بالإضافة إلى وجود أثر معنوي مرتفع لأخلاقيات الأعمال على رضا العملاء، و جاءت نتائج الدراسة مفسرةً لما نسبته (75%) من التغيُرات في مستوى رضاهم.

خلُصت الدراسة إلى أن أخلاقيات الأعمال تمثل عاملًا استراتيجيًا مهمًا في تعزيز رضا العملاء، وأوصت بضرورة دعم ثقافة النزاهة والشفافية وتطوير الممارسات الأخلاقية بما يسهم في تحسين جودة الخدمات وتعزيز القدرة التنافسية للمنظمة

دالة ميتاج ليفلر: دراسة تحليلية و تطبيقاتها في الحساب الكسري

2026-08-10T11:08:20+00:00

يقدم هذا البحث تحليلاً معمقاً لـدالة ميتاج ليفلر وما مرت به من تطور بنيوي بدءاً من الشكل أحادي المعامل وانتهاءً بالصيغة ثنائية وثلاثية المعاملات ( دالة برابهكار ) ، مع توضيح روابطها الوثيقة بالدوال الخاصة وبدالة فوكس H ، ويتضمن كذلك تمثيلا رقميا للدالة و رسم خصائصها التقاربية ونموها الفائق الأسي باستخدام لغة البايثون ،كما يختتم بعرض لمجالات استخدامها في حل المعادلات التفاضلية الكسرية ونمذجة الظواهر المرنة اللزجة والانتشار الشاذ.